Part-I.

You were lectured upon historical precursors to chief executives officers ("presidents") in government. We talked about Rome, about England and about the American colonies. Describe and explain what the office of "executive" looked like before the American presidency was invented. Be sure to mention the Consul in Rome, Constitutional Monarchy, Royal Governors in the colonies, and American state executives before the US Constitution comes along.

Part-II.

When Article II of the US Constitution was framed, your professor noted something interesting. The presidency seemed to have been given "structural integrity" (it was strong in format), but was seriously constrained and hampered in substantive authority. Your professor referred to this latter phenomenon as a "dog on a chain." Describe, with detail, what this trade off is all about. How is it that the presidency is structurally strong in comparison to what the office could have been, but "substantively constrained" in its powers, compared to what it could have been. ("Could have been" means the other examples of executives that the framers would have known about).